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Doc (computing)

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Word Document
Icon as used in Microsoft Word 9.0 and 2002
Filename extension
doc
Internet media type
application/msword[1]
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)com.microsoft.word.doc[2][3]
Developed byMicrosoft
Latest release
12.0
20 August 2024; 4 months ago (2024-08-20)[4]
Type of formatdocument file format
Container forText, Image,Table
Extended fromCompound File Binary Format (since 97)
Extended toMicrosoft Office XML formats, Office Open XML
Open format?Yes

.doc (an abbreviation of "document") is a filename extension used for word processing documents stored on Microsoft's proprietary Microsoft Word Binary File Format; it was the primary format for Microsoft Word until the 2007 version replaced it with Office Open XML .docx files.[4] Microsoft has used the extension since 1983.

Overview

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Binary DOC files often contain more text formatting information (as well as scripts and undo information) than some other document file formats like Rich Text Format and Hypertext Markup Language, but are usually less widely compatible.

The DOC files created with Microsoft Word versions differ: Word for Windows 1.0 and 2.0 uses a format that was changed in the following Word 6.0 and 95 ("7.0") releases. DOC was changed once again into an OLE and CFBF-based format used from Word 97 ("8.0") to 2003 ("11.0"). Word for MS-DOS used its own specific DOC format.[5]

In order to allow users of Word 6.0 and Word 95 to be able to open and read documents created in the newer (97–2003) format, Microsoft released the downloadable Word 97 Import Converter.[6][7]

In Microsoft Word 2007 and later, the binary file format was replaced as the default format by the Office Open XML (.docx) format, though Microsoft Word can still produce and open DOC files. Microsoft released the Office Compatibility Pack allowing users of Word 2003, 2002, 2000 and 97 to open the new format as well as edit and save them.[8] Modern versions of Word can also open documents in the pre-97 DOC formats, but should be manually enabled in the File Block Settings.[5]

Application support

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See also: Comparison of word processors

The DOC format is native to Microsoft Word. Other word processors, such as OpenOffice.org Writer, IBM Lotus Symphony, Apple Pages and AbiWord, can also create and read DOC files, although with some limitations. Command line programs for Unix-like operating systems that can convert files from the DOC format to plain text or other standard formats include the wv library, which itself is used directly by AbiWord.

Specification

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Because the DOC file format was a closed specification for many years, inconsistent handling of the format persists and may cause some loss of formatting information when handling the same file with multiple word processing programs. Some specifications for Microsoft Office 97 binary file formats were published in 1997 under a restrictive license, but these specifications were removed from online download in 1999.[9][10][11][12] Specifications of later versions of Microsoft Office binary file formats were not publicly available. The DOC format specification was available from Microsoft on request[13] since 2006[14] under restrictive RAND-Z terms until February 2008. Sun Microsystems and OpenOffice.org reverse engineered the file format.[15] On February 15, 2008, Microsoft released a .DOC format specification[4][16][17] under the Microsoft Open Specification Promise.[18][19] However, this specification does not describe all of the features used by DOC format and reverse engineered work remains necessary.[20] Since 2008 the specification has been updated several times; the latest change was made in May 2022.

The format used in earlier, pre-97 ("1.0" 1989 through "7.0" 1995) versions of Word are less known, but both OpenOffice and LibreOffice contain open-source code for reading these formats. The format is probably related to the "Stream" format found in similar Excel versions.[21] Word 95 also seems to have an OLE-wrapped form.

Other .doc file formats

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Some historical documentations may use the DOC filename extension for plain-text files, indicating documentation for software or hardware. The DOC filename extension was also used during the 1980s by WordPerfect for its proprietary format.[citation needed]

DOC is sometimes used by users of Palm OS as shorthand for PalmDoc, an unrelated format (commonly using PDB filename extension) used to encode text files such as ebooks.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "IME Content-Type/Subtype - application/msword". IANA. 1993-07-22. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  2. ^ Uniform Type Identifiers Reference (PDF), Apple, retrieved 2012-06-20
  3. ^ "System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers (Mac OS X v10.4)". Apple Developer Connection. Apple Inc. 2008-04-08.
  4. ^ a b c MS-DOC: Word (.doc) Binary File Format, 2019-11-19, retrieved 2020-02-25
  5. ^ a b "Configuring the File Block Settings". www.ibm.com. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  6. ^ "WD: Word 97 Import Converter: How to Do an Administrative Setup". helparchive.huntertur.net. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
  7. ^ "Q162214 - WD: How to Obtain the Word 97-2000 Import Converter". Microsoft. 2002-10-09. Archived from the original on 2002-10-09. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  8. ^ "Download details: Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats". Microsoft. 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  9. ^ "Comparing ODF and OOXML" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  10. ^ Beware of Geeks Bearing Gifts, 2006, retrieved 2011-05-23
  11. ^ "A Word 8 converter for Unix". Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  12. ^ "Microsoft Word 97 Binary File Format". Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  13. ^ "Royalty-free specifications for Microsoft Office binary file formats". Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  14. ^ "Mapping documents in the binary format (.doc; .xls; .ppt) to the Open XML format". 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  15. ^ "Microsoft Compound Document Format" (PDF). OpenOffice.org. 2007-08-07.
  16. ^ Microsoft Office Binary (doc, xls, ppt) File Formats, 2008-02-15, archived from the original on 2008-02-18
  17. ^ "Microsoft Office Word 97 - 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.doc)" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
  18. ^ "Microsoft Open Specification Promise". Microsoft Corporation. March 23, 2009.
  19. ^ "How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas". Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  20. ^ Joel Spolsky. "Why are the Microsoft Office file formats so complicated? (And some workarounds)". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  21. ^ "LibreOffice/core". GitHub.
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